Artikkel 9
Processing of special categories of personal data
(33) Whereas data which are capable by their nature of infringing fundamental freedoms or privacy should not be processed unless the data subject gives his explicit consent; whereas, however, derogations from this prohibition must be explicitly provided for in respect of specific needs, in particular where the processing of these data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy or in the course of legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental freedoms;
(34) Whereas Member States must also be authorized, when justified by grounds of important public interest, to derogate from the prohibition on processing sensitive categories of data where important reasons of public interest so justify in areas such as public health and social protection - especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-effectiveness of the procedures used for settling claims for benefits and services in the health insurance system - scientific research and government statistics; whereas it is incumbent on them, however, to provide specific and suitable safeguards so as to protect the fundamental rights and the privacy of individuals;
(35) Whereas, moreover, the processing of personal data by official authorities for achieving aims, laid down in constitutional law or international public law, of officially recognized religious associations is carried out on important grounds of public interest;
(36) Whereas where, in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system requires in certain Member States that political parties compile data on people's political opinion, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of important public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established;
European Union
EU-domstolens praksis
C-101/01 (6 November 2003)
1. The act of referring, on an internet page, to various persons and identifying them by name or by other means, for instance by giving their telephone number or information regarding their working conditions and hobbies, constitutes the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automatic means within the meaning of Article 3(1) of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
2. Such processing of personal data is not covered by any of the exceptions in Article 3(2) of Directive 95/46.
3. Reference to the fact that an individual has injured her foot and is on half-time on medical grounds constitutes personal data concerning health within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Directive 95/46.
4. There is no transfer [of data] to a third country within the meaning of Article 25 of Directive 95/46 where an individual in a Member State loads personal data onto an internet page which is stored on an internet site on which the page can be consulted and which is hosted by a natural or legal person who is established in that State or in another Member State, thereby making those data accessible to anyone who connects to the internet, including people in a third country.
5. The provisions of Directive 95/46 do not, in themselves, bring about a restriction which conflicts with the general principles of freedom of ex
6. Measures taken by the Member States to ensure the protection of personal data must be consistent both with the provisions of Directive 95/46 and with its objective of maintaining a balance between freedom of movement of personal data and the protection of private life. However, nothing prevents a Member State from extending the scope of the national legislation implementing the provisions of Directive 95/46 to areas not included in the scope thereof provided that no other provision of Community law precludes it.
C-141/12 ; C-372/12 (17 July 2014)
1. Article 2(a) of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data must be interpreted as meaning that the data relating to an applicant for a residence permit contained in an administrative document, such as the ‘minute’ at issue in the main proceedings, setting out the grounds that the case officer puts forward in support of the draft decision which he is responsible for drawing up in the context of the procedure prior to the adoption of a decision concerning the application for such a permit and, where relevant, the data in the legal analysis contained in that document, are ‘personal data’ within the meaning of that provision, whereas, by contrast, that analysis cannot in itself be so classified.
2. Article 12(a) of Directive 95/46 and Article 8(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union must be interpreted as meaning that an applicant for a residence permit has a right of access to all personal data concerning him which are processed by the national administrative authorities within the meaning of Article 2(b) of that directive. For that right to be complied with, it is sufficient that the applicant be in possession of a full summary of those data in an intelligible form, that is to say a form which allows that applicant to become aware of those data and to check that they are accurate and processed in compliance with that directive, so that he may, where relevant, exercise the rights conferred on him by that directive.
3. Article 41(2)(b) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union must be interpreted as meaning that the applicant for a residence permit cannot rely on that provision against the national authorities.
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Forordning
Art. 9 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies: (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more specified purposes, except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data subject; (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising specific rights of the controller or of the data subject in the field of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject; (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving consent; (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or any other not-for-profit body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects; (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject; (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their judicial capacity; (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject; (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity of the employee, medical diagnosis, the provision of health or social care or treatment or the management of health or social care systems and services on the basis of Union or Member State law or pursuant to contract with a health professional and subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in paragraph 3; (i) processing is necessary for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, such as protecting against serious cross-border threats to health or ensuring high standards of quality and safety of health care and of medicinal products or medical devices, on the basis of Union or Member State law which provides for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject, in particular professional secrecy; (j) processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject. 3. Personal data referred to in paragraph 1 may be processed for the purposes referred to in point (h) of paragraph 2 when those data are processed by or under the responsibility of a professional subject to the obligation of professional secrecy under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies or by another person also subject to an obligation of secrecy under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies. 4. Member States may maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data concerning health.- |
Direktiv
Art. 8 1. Member States shall prohibit the processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade-union membership, and the processing of data concerning health or sex life. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where: (a) the data subject has given his explicit consent to the processing of those data, except where the laws of the Member State provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data subject's giving his consent; or (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and specific rights of the controller in the field of employment law in so far as it is authorized by national law providing for adequate safeguards; or (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another person where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving his consent; or (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate guarantees by a foundation, association or any other non-profit-seeking body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade-union aim and on condition that the processing relates solely to the members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection with its purposes and that the data are not disclosed to a third party without the consent of the data subjects; or (e) the processing relates to data which are manifestly made public by the data subject or is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims. 3. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where processing of the data is required for the purposes of preventive medicine, medical diagnosis, the provision of care or treatment or the management of health-care services, and where those data are processed by a health professional subject under national law or rules established by national competent bodies to the obligation of professional secrecy or by another person also subject to an equivalent obligation of secrecy. 4. Subject to the provision of suitable safeguards, Member States may, for reasons of substantial public interest, lay down exemptions in addition to those laid down in paragraph 2 either by national law or by decision of the supervisory authority. 5. Processing of data relating to offences, criminal convictions or security measures may be carried out only under the control of official authority, or if suitable specific safeguards are provided under national law, subject to derogations which may be granted by the Member State under national provisions providing suitable specific safeguards. However, a complete register of criminal convictions may be kept only under the control of official authority. Member States may provide that data relating to administrative sanctions or judgements in civil cases shall also be processed under the control of official authority. 6. Derogations from paragraph 1 provided for in paragraphs 4 and 5 shall be notified to the Commission. 7. Member States shall determine the conditions under which a national identification number or any other identifier of general application may be processed. |
Norway
Art. 9 Behandling av særlige kategorier av personopplysninger 1. Behandling av personopplysninger om rasemessig eller etnisk opprinnelse, politisk oppfatning, religion, filosofisk overbevisning eller fagforeningsmedlemskap, samt behandling av genetiske opplysninger og biometriske opplysninger med det formål å entydig identifisere en fysisk person, helseopplysninger eller opplysninger om en fysisk persons seksuelle forhold eller seksuelle orientering, er forbudt. 2. Nr. 1 får ikke anvendelse dersom et av følgende vilkår er oppfylt: a) Den registrerte har gitt uttrykkelig samtykke til behandling av slike personopplysninger for ett eller flere spesifikke formål, unntatt dersom det i unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett er fastsatt at den registrerte ikke kan oppheve forbudet nevnt i nr. 1. b) Behandlingen er nødvendig for at den behandlingsansvarlige eller den registrerte skal kunne oppfylle sine forpliktelser og utøve sine særlige rettigheter på området arbeidsrett, trygderett og sosialrett i den grad dette er tillatt i henhold til unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett, eller en tariffavtale i henhold til medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett som gir nødvendige garantier for den registrertes grunnleggende rettigheter og interesser. c) Behandlingen er nødvendig for å verne den registrertes eller en annen fysisk persons vitale interesser dersom den registrerte fysisk eller juridisk ikke er i stand til å gi samtykke. d) Behandlingen utføres av en stiftelse, sammenslutning eller et annet ideelt organ hvis mål er av politisk, religiøs eller fagforeningsmessig art, som ledd i organets berettigede aktiviteter og med nødvendige garantier, forutsatt at behandlingen bare gjelder organets medlemmer eller tidligere medlemmer eller personer som på grunn av organets mål har regelmessig kontakt med det, og at personopplysningene ikke utleveres til andre enn nevnte organ uten de registrertes samtykke. e) Behandlingen gjelder personopplysninger som det er åpenbart at den registrerte har offentliggjort. f) Behandlingen er nødvendig for å fastsette, gjøre gjeldende eller forsvare rettskrav eller når domstolene handler innenfor rammen av sin domsmyndighet. g) Behandlingen er nødvendig av hensyn til viktige allmenne interesser, på grunnlag av unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett som skal stå i et rimelig forhold til det mål som søkes oppnådd, være forenlig med det grunnleggende innholdet i retten til vern av personopplysninger og sikre egnede og særlige tiltak for å verne den registrertes grunnleggende rettigheter og interesser. h) Behandlingen er nødvendig i forbindelse med forebyggende medisin eller arbeidsmedisin for å vurdere en arbeidstakers arbeidskapasitet, i forbindelse med medisinsk diagnostikk, yting av helse- eller sosialtjenester, behandling eller forvaltning av helse- eller sosialtjenester og -systemer på grunnlag av unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett eller i henhold til en avtale med helsepersonell og med forbehold for vilkårene og garantiene nevnt i nr. 3. i) Behandlingen er nødvendig av allmenne folkehelsehensyn, f.eks. vern mot alvorlige grenseoverskridende helsetrusler eller for å sikre høye kvalitets- og sikkerhetsstandarder for helsetjenester og legemidler eller medisinsk utstyr, på grunnlag av unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett der det fastsettes egnede og særlige tiltak for å verne den registrertes rettigheter og friheter, særlig taushetsplikt. j) Behandlingen er nødvendig for arkivformål i allmennhetens interesse, for formål knyttet til vitenskapelig eller historisk forskning eller for statistiske formål i samsvar med artikkel 89 nr. 1 på grunnlag av unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett som skal stå i et rimelig forhold til det mål som søkes oppnådd, være forenlig med det grunnleggende innholdet i retten til vern av personopplysninger og sikre egnede og særlige tiltak for å verne den registrertes grunnleggende rettigheter og interesser. 3. Personopplysningene nevnt i nr. 1 kan behandles for formålene nevnt i nr. 2 bokstav h) dersom opplysningene behandles av en fagperson som har taushetsplikt i henhold til unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett eller regler fastsatt av nasjonale vedkommende organer, eller under en slik persons ansvar, eller av en annen person som også har taushetsplikt i henhold til unionsretten eller medlemsstatenes nasjonale rett eller regler fastsatt av nasjonale vedkommende organer. 4. Medlemsstatene kan opprettholde eller innføre ytterligere vilkår, herunder begrensninger, med hensyn til behandling av genetiske opplysninger, biometriske opplysninger eller helseopplysninger. |